Participles
A participle is a word formed from a verb which
can be used as an adjective.
The two types of participles are the present participle (ending ing) and the past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or-n).
Here are some participles being used as adjectives:
The two types of participles are the present participle (ending ing) and the past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or-n).
Here are some participles being used as adjectives:
|
The Verb
|
The Past Participle
|
The Present Participle
|
|
To rise
|
the risen sun
|
the rising sun
|
|
To boil
|
the boiled water
|
the boiling water
|
|
To break
|
the broken news
|
the breaking news
|
|
To cook
|
the cooked ham
|
the cooking ham
|
Participle
Phrases
It is really common to see participles in participle phrases. A participle phrase also acts like an adjective.
In the examples below, the participle phrases are shaded and the participles
are in bold:
·
The man carrying the bricks is
my father.
(The
participle phrase carrying the
bricks describes the the man.)
·
She showed us a plate of scones crammed with cream.
(The
participle phrase crammed with
cream describes the scones.)
·
Whistling the same tune as always, Ted touched the front
of his cap with his forefinger as she dismounted.
(The
participle phrase Whistling
the same tune as always describes Ted.)
·
Stunned by the blow, Mike quickly gathered
his senses and searched frantically for the pepper spray.
(The
participle phrase Stunned by
the blow describes Mike.)
Present
Participles
Present participles end in -ing. Examples:
·
boiling water
·
caring nature
·
deserving recipient
Some more examples of present participles
(shaded):
·
A laughing man
is stronger than a suffering man.
(Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880)
·
If you pick up a starving dog
and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the principal difference
between a dog and a man. (Mark Twain, 1835-1910)
·
The only thing that comes to a sleeping man
is dreams. (Tupac Shakur)
Present participles are not just used as
adjectives. They are also used to form verb tenses. Here are the verb tenses (present participles
shaded):
|
The 4 Past Tenses
|
Example
|
|
I went
|
|
|
I was going
|
|
|
I had gone
|
|
|
I had been going
|
|
|
The 4 Present Tenses
|
Example
|
|
I go
|
|
|
I am going
|
|
|
I have gone
|
|
|
I have beengoing
|
|
|
The 4 Future Tenses
|
Example
|
|
I will go
|
|
|
I will be going
|
|
|
I will have gone
|
|
|
I will have beengoing
|
Past
Participles
Past participles have various endings,
usually -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n.
Examples:
·
broken window
·
painted frame
·
destroyed bridge
Some more examples of past participles
(shaded):
·
A swollen eye
is God's way of telling you to improve your interpersonal skills.
·
Do not waste time staring at a closed door.
·
I like children...if they're properly cooked.
(W.C. Fields)
(Remember,
an adjective can also appear after the noun it is modifying. See predicate adjectives.)
Past participles are also used to form verb
tenses. Look at these verb tenses (past participles shaded):
|
The 4 Past Tenses
|
Example
|
|
I went
|
|
|
I was going
|
|
|
I had gone
|
|
|
I had been going
|
|
|
The 4 Present Tenses
|
Example
|
|
I go
|
|
|
I am going
|
|
|
I have gone
|
|
|
I have beengoing
|
|
|
The 4 Future Tenses
|
Example
|
|
I will go
|
|
|
I will be going
|
|
|
I will have gone
|
|
|
I will have beengoing
|
Perfect
Participles
Perfect participles are formed like this:
"Having" + [past participle]
Examples:
"Having" + [past participle]
Examples:
·
Having taken
·
Having eaten
·
Having played
Some more examples of present participles
(shaded):
·
Having heard the news, he quickly sold his brother's record collection.
·
Having been promised a steak dinner, she looked less than impressed with her
Happy Meal.
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm
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